The impairment in the factor 'social dysfunction' was the most remarkable in the elderly and seemed to be a cause for the impaired psychological recovery in the elderly.Īt two years after the earthquake, 4,500 people who had experienced the earthquake were still living in temporary housing. A two-factor model using chronic scoring method was found to show the highest level of goodness-of-fit, and the factor 'social dysfunction' was more severely affected than the factor 'dysphoria'. At that time, recovery from the psychological distress caused by the earthquake was significantly impaired. Even at five months after the earthquake, 9,600 people who had lost their houses were living in temporary housing. More than 4,500 people were injured and 120,000 houses were completely or partially destroyed by the earthquake. on Octoin the Niigata-Chuetsu region of Japan, and numerous aftershocks occurred until 28 December. The earthquake (6.8 on the Richter scale) occurred at 5:56 P.M. We previously reported psychological distress of subjects who had experienced the Niigata-Chuetsu Earthquake determined by using GHQ-12 at five months after the earthquake. They include devastating earthquake, air disaster, Chernobyl disaster, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic and war. There have been many publications related to the psychological distress on survivors in a large disaster. Scoring methods, clinical groups, different cultures and sampling time affected the number of factors that have been identified and the item loadings for each factor. GHQ-12 has been widely used as a unitary measure, but two or more underlying factors have been identified in previous studies based on factor analyses. The twelve-item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) is used as a screening instrument for psychological distress in the general population. Impaired recovery in the ability to cope with daily problems in the subjects who had experienced the earthquake was remarkable even at two years after the earthquake. The two-factor structure of GHQ-12 was conserved between the survey at five month and that at two years after the earthquake. Advanced age affected the impaired recovery of factor 'social dysfunction' score as well as total GHQ score. Categorical regression analysis revealed that various factors, including advanced age, were associated with psychological distress. Recovery in the scale for the factor 'social dysfunction' was remarkably impaired compared with that of the factor 'dysphoria'. ResultsĬonfirmatory factor analysis revealed that the model consisting of the two factors and using chronic method gave the best goodness-of-fit among the various models for factor structure. Categorical regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationships between various background factors and GHQ-12 scores. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to reveal the factor structure of GHQ-12. GHQ-12 was scored by binary, chronic and Likert scoring method. Psychological distress was measured at two years after the earthquake by using GHQ-12 in 2,107 subjects (99.0% response rate) who suffered the earthquake. Factor structure of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was studied by a survey of subjects who had experienced the 2004 Niigata-Chuetsu earthquake (6.8 on the Richter scale) in Japan.
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